Umutungo wa CNOOC mumahanga wakoze ikindi kintu gikomeye!

Ku ya 26 Ukwakira, Reuters yatangaje ko ExxonMobil n'abafatanyabikorwa bayo Hess Corporation na CNOOC Limited bakoze "ikintu gikomeye" mu gace ka Stabroek gaherereye ku nkombe za Guyana, iriba rya Lancetfish-2, naryo rikaba ari ubwa kane ryavumbuwe muri 2023.

Ishami rya Lancetfish-2 rivumbuwe riherereye mu gace ka Liza gafite uruhushya rwo kubyaza umusaruro Stabroek kandi bivugwa ko rifite metero 20 z’ibigega bitwara hydrocarubone hamwe na 81m z’ibuye ry’umusenyi rifite amavuta, nk'uko ishami ry’ingufu rya Guyana ryabitangaje. Abayobozi bazakora isuzuma ryuzuye kubigega bishya byavumbuwe. Harimo ubu buvumbuzi, Guyana imaze kuvumbura peteroli na gaze kuva mu 2015, hamwe na miliyari zirenga 11 za peteroli na gaze zishobora kugarurwa.

Twabibutsa ko ku ya 23 Ukwakira, mbere gato yo kuvumburwa, igihangange cya peteroli Chevron cyatangaje ko cyumvikanye neza na mukeba we Hess cyo kugura Hess kuri miliyari 53 z'amadolari. Harimo umwenda, aya masezerano afite agaciro ka miliyari 60 z'amadolari, bikaba bibaye ku nshuro ya kabiri mu kugura nyuma ya ExxonMobil imaze kugura miliyari 59.5 z'amadolari yo kugura umutungo kamere wa Vanguard, ifite agaciro ka miliyari 64.5 z'amadolari harimo n'umwenda rusange, byatangajwe ku ya 11 Ukwakira.

Inyuma yo kwibumbira hamwe no kugura ibintu, kuruhande rumwe, kugaruka kw'ibiciro bya peteroli mpuzamahanga byazanye inyungu nyinshi mubihangange bya peteroli, kurundi ruhande, ibihangange bya peteroli bifite umunzani wabyo mugihe igihe peteroli izagera. Impamvu yaba imeze ite, inyuma yo kwibumbira hamwe no kugura, turashobora kubona ko inganda za peteroli zasubiye mubyishimo byo guhuza no kugura, kandi igihe cya oligarch cyegereje!

Kuri ExxonMobil, kugura umutungo kamere wa Pioneer, isosiyete ikora cyane buri munsi mu karere ka Permiya, byafashaga kwiganza mu kibaya cya Permiya, naho kuri Chevron, ikintu cyagaragaye cyane mu kugura Hess ni uko yashoboye kwigarurira Umutungo wa Hess muri Guyana kandi "ugera muri bisi" ugana kumurongo wubutunzi.

Kuva ExxonMobil yavumbura bwa mbere peteroli muri Guyana muri 2015, ivumburwa rya peteroli na gaze muri iki gihugu gito cyo muri Amerika yepfo ryakomeje kwandika amateka mashya kandi ryifuzwa n’abashoramari benshi. Muri iki gihe hari akayabo ka miliyari zirenga 11 za peteroli na gaze zishobora kugarurwa mu gace ka Stabroek ya Guyana. ExxonMobil ifite inyungu za 45% muguhagarika, Hess ifite inyungu 30%, naho CNOOC Limited ifite inyungu 25%. Hamwe nubu bucuruzi, Chevron yahisemo inyungu za Hess muri blok.

Chevron mu itangazo rigenewe abanyamakuru yavuze ko umuhanda wa Stabroek wa Guyana ari "umutungo udasanzwe" ufite amafaranga ayoboye mu nganda ndetse na karuboni nkeya, bikaba biteganijwe ko uziyongera mu musaruro mu myaka icumi iri imbere. Isosiyete ikomatanyije izamura umusaruro n’amafaranga yubusa byihuse kuruta Chevron yubuyobozi bwimyaka itanu. Hess yashinzwe mu 1933 ikaba ifite icyicaro muri Amerika, Hess ni producer mu kigobe cya Mexico cyo muri Amerika ya Ruguru no mu karere ka Bakken gaherereye mu majyaruguru ya Dakota. Byongeye kandi, ni gazi isanzwe ikora kandi ikora muri Maleziya na Tayilande. Usibye umutungo wa Hess muri Guyana, Chevron kandi ireba umutungo wa Hess ufite hegitari 465.000 za Bakken shale kugira ngo uzamure umwanya wa Chevron muri peteroli na gaze muri Amerika. Nk’uko ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe amakuru gishinzwe ingufu (EIA) kibitangaza ngo muri iki gihe akarere ka Bakken n’igihugu kinini gitanga gaze gasanzwe muri Amerika, gitanga metero kibe miliyari 1.01 ku munsi, n’igihugu cya kabiri mu bihugu bikoresha peteroli muri Amerika, gitanga hafi Miliyoni 1,27 kuri buri munsi. Mubyukuri, Chevron yagiye ishaka kwagura umutungo wa shale, itangiza kwibumbira hamwe. Ku ya 22 Gicurasi uyu mwaka, Chevron yatangaje ko izagura uruganda rukora peteroli ya shale PDC Energy kuri miliyari 6.3 z'amadolari yo kwagura ubucuruzi bwa peteroli na gaze muri Amerika, nyuma y'ibihuha bivuga ko ExxonMobil izabona umutungo kamere wa Pioneer muri Mata uyu mwaka. Igicuruzwa gifite agaciro ka miliyari 7,6 z'amadolari, harimo n'umwenda.

Tugarutse ku gihe, muri 2019, Chevron yakoresheje miliyari 33 z'amadolari kugira ngo agure Anadarko yo kwagura peteroli ya shale yo muri Amerika ndetse n'ubucuruzi bwa Afurika LNG, ariko amaherezo "yaciwe" na Occidental Petroleum kuri miliyari 38 z'amadolari, hanyuma Chevron atangaza ko yaguze Noble Energy muri Nyakanga 2020, harimo imyenda, ifite agaciro kangana na miliyari 13 z'amadolari y'Amerika, ibaye ihuzwa ryinshi kandi ryaguzwe mu nganda za peteroli na gaze kuva icyorezo gishya cy'ikamba.

"Amasezerano akomeye" yo gukoresha miliyari 53 z'amadolari kugira ngo agure Hess, nta gushidikanya ko ari "kugwa" kw'ingamba zo guhuza no kugura isosiyete, kandi bizanashimangira irushanwa hagati y'ibihangange bya peteroli.

Muri Mata uyu mwaka, ubwo byavuzwe ko ExxonMobil izagura cyane umutungo kamere wa Pioneer, uruziga rwa peteroli rwasohoye ingingo yerekana ko nyuma ya ExxonMobil, iyindi ishobora kuba Chevron. Noneho, "inkweto zaraguye", mu kwezi kumwe gusa, ibihangange bibiri bya peteroli mpuzamahanga byatangaje kumugaragaro ibikorwa byo kugura super. None, ninde uzaba ubutaha?

Twabibutsa ko mu 2020, ConocoPhillips yaguze umutungo wa Concho kuri miliyari 9.7 z'amadolari, ikurikirwa na ConocoPhillips kuri miliyari 9.5 z'amadolari mu 2021. Umuyobozi mukuru wa ConocoPhillips, Ryan Lance, yatangaje ko yiteze ko hajyaho andi masezerano ya shale, yongeraho ko abakora ingufu mu kibaya cya Permiya "bakeneye guhuriza hamwe." Ubu buhanuzi bwabaye impamo. Noneho, hamwe na ExxonMobil na Chevron bakora ibintu bikomeye, bagenzi babo nabo baragenda.

Chesapeake Energy, ikindi gihangange kinini cya shale muri Amerika, iratekereza kubona ingufu za mukeba wa Southwestern Energy, ebyiri mu bubiko bunini bwa gaze ya shale mu karere ka Appalachian gaherereye mu majyaruguru y’amajyaruguru y’Amerika. Umuntu umenyereye iki kibazo, wavuze atashatse ko izina rye ritangazwa, yavuze ko amezi menshi, Chesapeake yagiranye ibiganiro rimwe na rimwe na Southwestern Energy ku bijyanye no guhuza.

Ku wa mbere, tariki ya 30 Ukwakira, Reuters yatangaje ko igihangange cya peteroli BP "kimaze iminsi mu biganiro n’ibigo byinshi" mu rwego rwo gushinga imishinga ihuriweho na shale nyinshi muri Amerika. Umushinga uhuriweho uzashyiramo ibikorwa byayo mu kibaya cya gazi ya shale ya Haynesville na Eagle Ford. Nubwo umuyobozi mukuru w'agateganyo wa BP yaje kwanga ibivugwa ko abo bahanganye muri Amerika ExxonMobil na Chevron bagize uruhare mu masezerano akomeye ya peteroli, ninde wavuga ko aya makuru nta kindi afite? N'ubundi kandi, hamwe n'inyungu nini z'umutungo wa peteroli na gaze gakondo, abahanga mu bya peteroli bahinduye imyumvire yabo yo "kurwanya ikirere" kandi bafata ingamba nshya zo gukoresha amahirwe menshi yo kubona inyungu muri iki gihe. BP izagabanya ubushake bwayo bwo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya 35-40% muri 2030 kugeza 20-30%; Shell yatangaje ko itazakomeza kugabanya umusaruro kugeza mu 2030, ahubwo ko izongera umusaruro wa gaze gasanzwe. Ku buryo butandukanye, Shell iherutse gutangaza ko iyi sosiyete izagabanya imyanya 200 mu ishami ryayo rito rya Carbone Solutions mu 2024. Abanywanyi nka ExxonMobil na Chevron barushijeho gukomera ku bicanwa by’ibicanwa binyuze mu kugura peteroli. Ibindi bihangange bya peteroli bizakora iki?