Izimpahla zaphesheya kwezilwandle ze-CNOOC zithole okunye okukhulu!

Ngomhla zingama-26 kuMfumfu, abakwaReuters babike ukuthi i-ExxonMobil nabalingani bayo i-Hess Corporation kanye ne-CNOOC Limited bathole "okukhulu" endaweni yaseStabroek egudle ugu eGuyana, umthombo we-Lancetfish-2, okuphinde kube okwesine ukutholakala kule block ngo-2023.

Ukutholwa kwe-Lancetfish-2 kutholakala endaweni yelayisensi yokukhiqiza i-Liza e-Stabroek block futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi inamadamu aqukethe i-hydrocarbon angama-20m kanye namatshe esanti aphethe uwoyela acishe abe ngu-81m, kusho umnyango wezamandla waseGuyana esikhishwe kwabezindaba. Iziphathimandla zizokwenza ukuhlola okuphelele kwamadamu asanda kutholwa. Kubandakanya lokhu kutholwa, iGuyana ithole ukutholwa kukawoyela negesi okungu-46 kusukela ngo-2015, nemiphongolo engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-11 yezinqolobane zikawoyela negesi ezitholakalayo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-Okthoba 23, ngaphambi nje kokutholakala, inkampani kawoyela iChevron yamemezela ukuthi isifinyelele isivumelwano esiqondile nembangi yakhe uHess ukuthola iHess ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-53. Kuhlanganisa nesikweletu, lesi sivumelwano sibiza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-60, okuyenza ibe ngeyesibili ngobukhulu ngemuva kokutholwa yi-ExxonMobil engu-$59.5 billion yeVanguard Natural Resources, enenani lamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-64.5 okuhlanganisa nensada yesikweletu, kumenyezelwe ngo-Okthoba 11.

Ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa nokuthengwa okukhulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubuyiswa kwamanani kawoyela emhlabeni wonke kulethe inzuzo ecebile kuma-giants kawoyela, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, imidondoshiya kawoyela inezikali zazo zokuthi isidingo sikawoyela sizoba phezulu nini. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisiphi isizathu, ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa nokutholwa, singabona ukuthi imboni kawoyela ibuyele ekuhlanganisweni nasekuthengeni, futhi inkathi yama-oligarchs isondela!

Ku-ExxonMobil, ukuthengwa kwePioneer Natural Resources, okuyinkampani ephezulu kakhulu yokukhiqiza nsuku zonke esifundeni sasePermian, kwasiza ekusunguleni ukubusa kwayo ePermian Basin, kanye neChevron, isici esigqama kakhulu sokutholwa kweHess ukuthi ikwazile ukuthatha izintambo. Izimpahla zika-Hess e-Guyana futhi "ungene ebhasini" ngempumelelo uye emgqeni womcebo.

Kusukela i-ExxonMobil yathola okokuqala uwoyela omkhulu eGuyana ngo-2015, ukutholwa kukawoyela negesi okusha kuleli zwe elincane laseNingizimu Melika kuqhubekile nokusetha amarekhodi amasha futhi bekufiswa abatshalizimali abaningi. Njengamanje kunemiphongolo engaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-11 yezinqolobane zikawoyela negesi ezingabuyiselwa endaweni yase-Guyana eStabroek block. I-ExxonMobil inenzalo engu-45% kubhulokhi, u-Hess unenzalo engu-30%, kanti i-CNOOC Limited ibamba inzalo engu-25%. Ngalokhu kuthengiselana, uChevron wafaka ephaketheni intshisekelo kaHess ebhulokhini.

U-Chevron uthe esitatimendeni sabezindaba ukuthi i-Stabroek block yaseGuyana "iyimpahla engavamile" enamaphethelo emali ehamba phambili embonini kanye nephrofayili yekhabhoni ephansi, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ekukhiqizeni eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo. Inkampani ehlanganisiwe izokhulisa ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuphuma kwemali kwamahhala ngokushesha kunomhlahlandlela wamanje we-Chevron weminyaka emihlanu. Yasungulwa ngo-1933 futhi izinze e-United States, iHess ingumkhiqizi eGulf of Mexico eNyakatho Melika kanye nesifunda saseBakken eNyakatho Dakota. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingumkhiqizi wegesi yemvelo kanye nomsebenzisi eMalaysia naseThailand. Ngaphezu kwempahla kaHess eGuyana, abakwaChevron babheke nempahla ka-Hess engu-465,000-acre Bakken shale ukuze kukhuliswe isikhundla sikaChevron kuwoyela we-shale negesi yase-US. Ngokusho kwe-US Energy Information Administration (EIA), isifunda sase-Bakken njengamanje singumkhiqizi omkhulu wegesi yemvelo e-United States, ekhiqiza cishe ama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.01 ngosuku, kanye nomkhiqizi kawoyela wesibili ngobukhulu e-United States, ekhiqiza cishe 1.27 million imiphongolo ngosuku. Eqinisweni, i-Chevron ibilokhu ibheke ukukhulisa izimpahla zayo ze-shale, iqale ukuhlanganisa nokutholwa. NgoMeyi 22 nonyaka, kwaChevron bamemezele ukuthi bazothenga inkampani ekhiqiza uwoyela we-shale iPDC Energy ngo-$6.3 billion ukuze yandise ibhizinisi layo likawoyela negesi e-United States, kulandela amahlebezi okuthi i-ExxonMobil izothenga iPioneer Natural Resources ngo-Ephreli nonyaka. Ukuthengiselana kulinganiselwa ku-$7.6 billion, kuhlanganisa nezikweletu.

Ukubuyela emuva, ngonyaka ka-2019, iChevron yasebenzisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-33 ukuthola i-Anadarko yokwandisa indawo yebhizinisi yase-US shale kanye ne-African LNG, kodwa ekugcineni "yanqunywa" yi-Occidental Petroleum ngama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-38, kwathi iChevron yamemezela ukutholwa kweNoble Energy. ngoJulayi 2020, okuhlanganisa isikweletu, enenani eliphelele lokuthengiselana lama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-13, okuba ukuhlanganiswa nokutholwa okukhulu embonini kawoyela negesi selokhu kwaqubuka umqedazwe omusha.

"Imali enkulu" yokusebenzisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-53 ukuthola i-Hess ngokungangabazeki "ukuwa" okubalulekile kwesu lokuhlanganisa nokutholwa kwenkampani, futhi kuzoqinisa nokuncintisana phakathi kweziqhwaga zikawoyela.

Ngo-Ephreli kulo nyaka, lapho kubikwa ukuthi i-ExxonMobil izothenga kakhulu i-Pioneer Natural Resources, umbuthano kawoyela wakhipha isihloko esikhomba ukuthi ngemva kwe-ExxonMobil, okulandelayo kungase kube yi-Chevron. Manje, "amabhuzu asefikile", enyangeni eyodwa nje, izikhondlakhondla zikawoyela zamazwe omhlaba ezimbili sezimemezele ngokusemthethweni ukuthengwa kwempahla enkulu. Ngakho, ubani ozolandela?

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-2020, i-ConocoPhillips yathola i-Concho Resources ngama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9,7, ilandelwa yi-ConocoPhillips ngo-$ 9.5 billion ngo-2021. Isikhulu se-ConocoPhillips uRyan Lance uthe ulindele amadili amaningi we-shale, wengeza ngokuthi abakhiqizi bamandla basePermian Basin "badinga ukuhlanganisa." Leso sibikezelo sesigcwalisekile manje. Manje, njengoba i-ExxonMobil ne-Chevron benza amadili amakhulu, ontanga yabo nabo basendleleni.

I-Chesapeake Energy, esinye isiqhwaga esikhulu se-shale e-United States, icabanga ukuzuza imbangi Yamandla Amandla Ase-Southwestern, izindawo ezimbili ezinkulu zegesi ye-shale esifundeni sase-Appalachian enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-United States. Umuntu ojwayelene nalolu daba, ongathandanga ukudalulwa igama, uthe sekuphele izinyanga uChesapeake enezingxoxo neSouthwestern Energy mayelana nokuhlangana okungenzeka.

NgoMsombuluko, Okthoba 30, abakwaReuters babike ukuthi isikhondlakhondla sikawoyela i-BP "sibe nezingxoxo nezinhlangano eziningi emasontweni asanda kwedlula" ukuze kwakhiwe amabhilidi ahlanganyelwe emabhuloki amaningi e-shale e-United States. Ibhizinisi elihlanganyelwe lizobandakanya imisebenzi yalo endaweni yegesi ye-shale yaseHaynesville kanye ne-Eagle Ford. Nakuba isikhulu esiphezulu se-BP kamuva sazichitha izinsolo zokuthi izimbangi zase-US i-ExxonMobil ne-Chevron zazihileleke emalini enkulu kawoyela, ubani ongasho ukuthi lezi zindaba zazingenasisekelo? Phela, ngenzuzo enkulu yemithombo yendabuko kawoyela negesi, abaphathi bakawoyela bashintshe isimo sabo sengqondo esihle "sokumelana nesimo sezulu" futhi bathatha izinyathelo ezintsha zokubamba amathuba amakhulu enzuzo okwamanje. I-BP izokwehlisa ukuzibophezela kwayo ngo-35-40% wokunciphisa ukungcola ngo-2030 kuya ku-20-30%; AbakwaShell bamemezele ukuthi ngeke baphinde banciphise ukukhiqizwa kuze kube ngu-2030, kodwa bazokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwegesi yemvelo. Ngokuhlukana, abakwaShell basanda kumemezela ukuthi inkampani izonciphisa izikhundla ezingu-200 esigabeni sayo se-Low Carbon Solutions ngo-2024. Izimbangi ezifana ne-ExxonMobil kanye ne-Chevron zijule ukuzibophezela kwazo ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi ngokutholwa kukawoyela okukhulu. Zizokwenzenjani ezinye iziqhwaga zikawoyela?